Carcinoid tumours are rare, slow-growing cancers that arise from neuroendocrine cells, most commonly in the gastrointestinal tract or lungs. These tumours can secrete hormones that lead to various symptoms, including flushing, diarrhoea, and abdominal pain.

In India, carcinoid tumours are infrequent but can pose significant health challenges, with incidence rates estimated at 1-2 cases per 100,000 people annually. Effective management typically involves a combination of surgical intervention, medications, and sometimes radiation therapy, depending on the tumour’s location and stage.

If you experience persistent or unusual symptoms, or have been diagnosed with carcinoid tumours, it’s essential to consult a healthcare professional for tailored treatment and management. 

Carcinoid tumours, rare neuroendocrine tumours, may develop due to genetic factors, chronic inflammation, or other conditions. Understanding these causes is key for early detection and effective management.

1. Genetic Factors:
Certain genetic conditions can increase the risk of developing carcinoid tumours. For instance, Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 (MEN1) syndrome, also known as Wermer’s syndrome, is a hereditary condition that predisposes individuals to various endocrine tumours, including carcinoid tumours.

2. Family History:
A family history of carcinoid tumours or other neuroendocrine tumours may indicate a genetic predisposition. While rare, inherited genetic mutations can contribute to an increased risk of developing these tumours.

3. Age and Gender:
Carcinoid tumours can occur at any age but are more commonly diagnosed in adults, particularly between the ages of 40 and 60. There is no strong gender predilection, although some studies suggest a slightly higher incidence in women.

4. Chronic Irritation or Inflammationr:
Conditions that cause chronic irritation or inflammation in the digestive tract, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) or gastritis, may increase the risk of developing carcinoid tumours. Chronic stress and irritation of the gut lining can potentially trigger tumour formation.

5. Smoking:
Although not a direct cause, smoking is known to increase the risk of various cancers, including those in the lungs, where carcinoid tumours can also develop. The carcinogenic effects of smoking might contribute to the development of neuroendocrine tumours.

6. Other Conditions:
Some researchers suggest that chronic exposure to certain chemicals or environmental factors could potentially increase the risk of neuroendocrine tumours. However, this connection is not yet well-established and requires further study.

Understanding these potential causes and risk factors helps in early detection and management of carcinoid tumours.

Carcinoid tumours often present with a variety of symptoms, which can vary depending on the tumour’s location and whether it secretes hormones. Here are some possible symptoms:

1. Flushing: One of the hallmark symptoms, particularly with carcinoid tumours in the digestive tract, is facial flushing. This may cause sudden reddening of the skin, often accompanied by a warm sensation.

2. Diarrhoea: Carcinoid tumours can secrete serotonin and other hormones that affect the gastrointestinal tract, leading to persistent diarrhoea. This symptom is more common with tumours in the gastrointestinal tract.

3. Abdominal Pain: : Tumours in the digestive system can cause abdominal discomfort or pain. This may result from the tumour’s growth or from obstruction and inflammation.

4. Wheezing and Shortness of Breath: Carcinoid tumours located in the lungs can cause respiratory symptoms like wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath, as they may obstruct airways or cause pulmonary issues.

5. Unexplained Weight Loss: As the tumours grow and cause systemic effects, patients might experience unintended weight loss due to reduced appetite or metabolic changes.

6. Skin Rash: In some cases, especially with gastrointestinal carcinoid tumours, patients may develop a rash or skin lesions. This can be associated with flushing or other systemic symptoms.

7. Heart Valve Issues: Carcinoid tumours, particularly those with widespread metastasis, can lead to carcinoid syndrome, which affects heart valves, causing symptoms like heart murmurs or heart failure.

8. Abdominal Distension: Tumour growth can lead to abdominal bloating or distension, which may be accompanied by a feeling of fullness or discomfort.