Diagnosing fractures involves a systematic approach by medical professionals to accurately assess the location, type, and severity of the injury. Here’s how fractures are typically diagnosed:

1. Clinical Evaluation: The diagnostic process begins with a thorough history and physical examination. The doctor will inquire about the circumstances of the injury, symptoms experienced, and any pre-existing medical conditions that may affect bone health. During the physical exam, the doctor will carefully palpate the affected area to assess for tenderness, swelling, deformity, and changes in skin colour.

2. Imaging Studies: X-rays are the most commonly used imaging technique to diagnose fractures. X-ray images provide detailed views of the bones and can identify the presence of fractures, their location, alignment, and any associated complications such as joint involvement or displacement. In some cases, multiple views or specialised imaging techniques (such as CT scans or MRI) may be ordered to further evaluate complex fractures or injuries involving soft tissues.

3. Clinical Assessment: The doctor will evaluate the range of motion, strength, and neurological status of the affected limb to assess functional impairment and detect any signs of nerve or blood vessel involvement.

4. Classification and Grading: Fractures are classified based on various factors including the location of the fracture, the extent of displacement, and the stability of the bone fragments. This classification helps guide treatment decisions and predict outcomes.

5. Specialised Tests: In cases where fractures are suspected but not clearly visible on initial imaging, or when assessing stress fractures or hairline fractures, additional diagnostic tests such as bone scans or ultrasound may be performed to confirm the diagnosis.

Early and accurate diagnosis of fractures is essential for initiating appropriate treatment and promoting optimal healing.

Treating fractures involves a comprehensive approach aimed at promoting healing, restoring function, and minimising complications. The treatment plan depends on factors such as the type and location of the fracture, patient age and health status, and the presence of any associated injuries. Here’s an overview of common treatment strategies for fractures:

1. Immobilisation: For most fractures, immobilisation is essential to stabilise the injured bone and promote proper alignment during healing. This may involve the use of casts, splints, braces, or external fixation devices to limit movement and prevent further damage.

2. Reduction: In cases of displaced fractures (where the bone ends are not aligned), a procedure called reduction may be performed to realign the bone fragments. This can be done manually (closed reduction) or surgically (open reduction) under anaesthesia to ensure proper alignment and stability for healing.

3. Surgical Intervention: Certain fractures may require surgical intervention, especially those that are complex, unstable, or involve joints. Surgical procedures may include internal fixation (using screws, plates, or rods to stabilise the bone), external fixation (where pins or screws are placed outside the body to stabilise the fracture), or bone grafting to promote healing.

4. Medications: Pain management is an important aspect of fracture treatment. Doctors may prescribe pain relievers to manage discomfort during the healing process. In some cases, antibiotics may be prescribed to prevent or treat infections, particularly with open fractures.

5. Physical Therapy: Once the initial healing phase is complete, physical therapy plays a crucial role in rehabilitation. Physical therapists design customised exercise programs to restore range of motion, strength, and function to the affected limb. Therapy may also include techniques to improve balance and coordination.

6. Monitoring and Follow-up: Regular follow-up visits with medical professionals are necessary to monitor healing progress, adjust treatment as needed, and address any complications that may arise. X-rays or other imaging studies may be repeated to assess bone healing and ensure proper alignment.

Each fracture case is unique, and treatment plans are tailored to meet the specific needs and goals of the patient.