Gallstones are hardened deposits of digestive fluid that form in the gallbladder, causing discomfort and sometimes severe pain. These stones can vary in size and may lead to blockages in the bile ducts, triggering inflammation and complications. In India, gallstones are increasingly common, with around 6-9% of the population affected, particularly among women.

Lifestyle factors, diet, and genetics play a significant role in the prevalence of this condition. Symptoms like sudden abdominal pain, nausea, and jaundice are warning signs that shouldn’t be ignored. If these symptoms persist or worsen, it’s important to consult a doctor for proper diagnosis and treatment to avoid serious health complications.

Gallstones develop when there’s an imbalance in the substances that make up bile. While the exact cause may vary, several key factors can increase the likelihood of gallstone formation. Here are some of the possible causes:

1. Excess Cholesterol in Bile: When your liver produces too much cholesterol, it may crystallise and form gallstones. A diet high in fatty and cholesterol-rich foods can contribute to this imbalance.

2. Bile Concentration: If the gallbladder doesn’t empty efficiently, bile becomes concentrated, leading to the formation of stones. This is often linked to a sedentary lifestyle or irregular eating habits.

3. Excess Bilirubin: Certain environmental factors are believed to play a role in MS development. For instance, exposure to specific viruses, such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), may trigger the immune system’s abnormal response. Additionally, geographical factors, such as living in regions farther from the equator, have been linked to a higher prevalence of MS, possibly due to vitamin D deficiency.

4. Obesity: Being overweight, especially in the abdominal area, increases the risk of gallstones by affecting bile composition and reducing the gallbladder’s ability to empty properly.

5. Rapid Weight Loss: Quick weight loss or crash dieting can upset the balance of bile salts and cholesterol, leading to the formation of stones.

6. Hormonal Changes: Pregnancy, hormone replacement therapy, and birth control pills increase oestrogen levels, which may cause the liver to excrete more cholesterol into bile, contributing to gallstone formation.

Understanding these causes can help in preventing gallstones or managing their risk, ensuring that you maintain a healthy gallbladder and overall digestive health.

Gallstones can be silent, but when they cause symptoms, they often strike suddenly and intensely. Knowing the signs can help you seek timely treatment and avoid complications.

1. Sudden Pain in the Upper Abdomen: The most common symptom of gallstones is sharp, severe pain in the upper right abdomen or centre, often starting unexpectedly. This pain can last from a few minutes to several hours and may radiate to your back or right shoulder.

2. Nausea and Vomiting: Digestive discomfort like nausea, vomiting, or bloating can accompany gallstone attacks, especially after a heavy meal. This is often due to blockages caused by stones in the bile duct.
3. Jaundice: If a gallstone gets lodged in the bile duct, it can block the flow of bile, leading to jaundice—a yellowing of the skin and eyes. This is a sign that immediate medical attention is necessary.

4. Fever and Chills: In some cases, gallstones may lead to infection of the bile ducts, causing a fever, chills, and worsening pain. These symptoms should never be ignored, as they could signal a serious infection.

5. Dark Urine and Pale Stools: A disruption in bile flow can lead to changes in your urine and stool. Dark-coloured urine or light, clay-coloured stools can indicate a blockage and require a doctor’s evaluation.

Being aware of these symptoms can help you take action quickly, ensuring you get the right treatment before complications like gallbladder inflammation or bile duct infections occur.