Gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding refers to any form of bleeding that occurs in the digestive tract, which can range from the oesophagus to the rectum. This condition can manifest as visible blood in stool or vomit, or it may be hidden, detectable only through medical tests. In India, GI bleeding remains a significant health concern, with studies indicating it accounts for a considerable percentage of hospital admissions due to digestive disorders. Factors such as lifestyle, dietary habits, and prevalence of conditions like peptic ulcers and liver disease contribute to its incidence.

If you notice any signs of GI bleeding, such as dark, tarry stools, bright red blood in your stool, or vomiting blood, it’s essential to seek medical attention immediately. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for managing the underlying causes and preventing serious complications.

Understanding the potential causes of gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding is essential for effective diagnosis and treatment. Here are some common culprits:

1. Peptic Ulcers: One of the leading causes of GI bleeding, peptic ulcers are open sores that develop on the lining of the stomach or the small intestine. These can bleed due to erosion from stomach acid or certain medications, such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

2. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD): Chronic acid reflux can lead to inflammation and erosion of the oesophagus, causing bleeding. Severe cases may result in the formation of esophageal varices, which are swollen veins that can rupture.

3. Diverticular Disease: Diverticulosis, characterised by small pouches in the intestinal wall, can lead to diverticulitis if these pouches become inflamed. This inflammation can cause bleeding, particularly in the colon.

4. Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): Conditions like Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis can cause severe inflammation in the digestive tract, leading to ulcers and significant bleeding.

5. Haemorrhoids: Swollen veins in the rectum or anus, known as haemorrhoids, can cause bright red blood in stool or on toilet paper, especially during bowel movements.

6. Cancer: GI bleeding can be a sign of gastrointestinal cancers, including colorectal, gastric, or esophageal cancer. Early detection is critical, as these conditions often require prompt intervention.

7. Angiodysplasia: This is a condition involving abnormal blood vessels in the GI tract, which can lead to bleeding, especially in older adults.

By identifying these potential causes, healthcare professionals can develop an appropriate treatment plan tailored to the individual’s needs, ensuring the best possible outcome

Gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding can present with a variety of symptoms, some of which may be quite serious. Being aware of these signs is crucial for timely diagnosis and treatment.

1. Visible Blood: One of the most apparent symptoms is the presence of blood in the stool or vomit. Blood may appear bright red, indicating active bleeding in the lower GI tract, or dark and tarry, suggesting bleeding in the upper GI tract. If you notice any of these changes, it’s essential to seek medical attention immediately.

2. Abdominal Pain: Many individuals with GI bleeding experience abdominal discomfort or pain. This can range from mild cramping to severe, sharp pains, depending on the underlying cause. Persistent or worsening pain should prompt a visit to your healthcare provider.

3. Weakness and Fatigue: Blood loss can lead to anaemia, causing symptoms like weakness, fatigue, and dizziness. If you feel unusually tired or faint, especially after experiencing any bleeding, it’s crucial to consult a medical professional.

4. Changes in Bowel Habits: Sudden changes in bowel habits, such as diarrhoea or constipation, can accompany GI bleeding. If these changes are accompanied by any signs of bleeding, it’s important to seek evaluation.

5. Nausea and Vomiting: Some individuals may experience nausea or vomiting, which can include vomiting blood or material that looks like coffee grounds, indicating upper GI bleeding. This symptom should not be ignored, as it can indicate a serious condition.

By recognizing these symptoms early, you can take proactive steps to seek medical help and ensure appropriate treatment, leading to better health outcomes and peace of mind.