Haemorrhoids are swollen veins in the lower rectum and anus, often causing discomfort, itching, and bleeding during bowel movements. This common condition affects a significant portion of the population, with estimates suggesting that around 50% of adults will experience haemorrhoids by age 50. In India, the prevalence of haemorrhoids is rising due to dietary habits and sedentary lifestyles. Management typically includes lifestyle modifications, dietary changes, and various treatments such as topical medications or minimally invasive procedures. If symptoms persist, worsen, or are accompanied by severe bleeding, it is crucial to consult a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment to avoid complications and ensure effective relief.

Haemorrhoids can develop due to a variety of factors that increase pressure on the veins in the rectal area. Here are some common causes:

1. Chronic Constipation: Straining during bowel movements due to constipation can put excessive pressure on the rectal veins, leading to the development of haemorrhoids. Prolonged straining exacerbates the condition.

2. Diarrhoea: Frequent diarrhoea can also irritate and inflame the rectal area. The repetitive strain from frequent bowel movements can contribute to the formation of haemorrhoids.

3. Pregnancy: During pregnancy, the growing uterus exerts pressure on the pelvic veins, which can lead to haemorrhoids. Additionally, hormonal changes and increased blood volume can contribute to their development.

4. Prolonged Sitting: Spending long periods sitting, particularly on the toilet, can increase pressure on the veins in the rectal area. This is often compounded by sitting for long hours in a sedentary lifestyle.

5. Obesity: Excess weight puts additional pressure on the rectal veins and can contribute to the development of haemorrhoids. Obesity is associated with increased abdominal pressure, which exacerbates the condition.

6. Heavy Lifting: Repeatedly lifting heavy objects can increase abdominal pressure, which in turn can lead to the formation of haemorrhoids. Proper lifting techniques and avoiding excessive strain are important in preventing this.

7. Age: As people age, the tissues supporting the rectal veins can weaken and stretch. This weakening makes older adults more susceptible to haemorrhoids.

8. Genetics: A family history of haemorrhoids can increase the likelihood of developing them. Genetic predisposition plays a role in the structural weakness of the rectal veins.

Addressing these risk factors through lifestyle changes, dietary adjustments, and proper management can help prevent and alleviate hemorrhoid symptoms.

Haemorrhoids can present with a range of symptoms, which vary depending on whether they are internal or external. Here are some common symptoms associated with haemorrhoids:

1. Rectal Bleeding: One of the most noticeable symptoms is bright red blood on the toilet paper, in the stool, or in the toilet bowl. This bleeding is usually painless and occurs during bowel movements.

2. Anal Itching: Itching around the anus is a common symptom, often due to irritation from the haemorrhoids. This itching can be persistent and uncomfortable.

3. Pain or Discomfort: External haemorrhoids, which occur outside the anal canal, can cause pain and discomfort, especially during sitting or bowel movements. The pain is typically more pronounced when the haemorrhoids are thrombosed (clotted).

4. Swelling or Lump: External haemorrhoids can present as a tender, swollen lump near the anus. This lump may be sensitive to touch and can cause discomfort or pain.

5. Mucous Discharge: Some people with internal haemorrhoids may experience a mucous discharge from the rectum, which can contribute to irritation and discomfort around the anus.

6. Feeling of Fullness: Internal haemorrhoids, especially when prolapsed (extended outside the anal canal), can create a sensation of fullness or pressure in the rectal area.

7. Pain During Bowel Movements: Although internal haemorrhoids are usually less painful than external ones, they can cause discomfort or a sensation of incomplete evacuation during bowel movements.

8. Inflammation: Inflammation around the anal area can occur with both internal and external haemorrhoids. This can lead to redness, swelling, and increased sensitivity.