The process begins with the healthcare provider asking about the patient’s symptoms, their duration, and any factors that exacerbate or alleviate the discomfort. Understanding the patient’s lifestyle, activity levels, and any previous history of hernias or surgeries is also crucial.

1. Physical Examination: During the physical examination, the doctor will inspect the area where the hernia is suspected. The patient may be asked to stand and cough or strain, as these actions can make the hernia more pronounced. The doctor palpates the bulge to assess its size, location, and whether it is reducible (able to be pushed back into the abdomen). The examination also helps to determine if there are any signs of complications, such as tenderness, redness, or signs of incarceration (trapped tissue).

2. Imaging Studies: To confirm the diagnosis and gather more detailed information, imaging studies may be employed:

• Ultrasound: This non-invasive imaging technique uses sound waves to produce images of the abdominal structures. It is particularly useful for detecting inguinal and femoral hernias and can help differentiate a hernia from other conditions with similar symptoms.
  
• CT Scan (Computed Tomography): A CT scan provides detailed cross-sectional images of the abdomen, which can reveal the presence and extent of a hernia. It is especially helpful in diagnosing complex or recurrent hernias and in identifying any complications, such as bowel obstruction.
  
• MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging): An MRI can offer high-resolution images and is sometimes used to diagnose hernias that are not clearly visible on other imaging studies, particularly in cases of small or occult hernias.
  

3. Additional Tests: In certain situations, additional tests may be conducted to assess the overall health of the patient and to plan for surgery:

• Blood Tests: Routine blood tests can help identify any underlying conditions that might affect the surgery, such as anaemia, infection, or clotting disorders.
  
• Electrocardiogram (ECG): For patients with cardiovascular risk factors, an ECG may be performed to evaluate heart function before undergoing surgery.
  

Once the diagnosis is confirmed and the need for surgical repair is established, the healthcare provider will discuss the findings with the patient.

The procedure is preferred due to its advantages, such as smaller incisions, reduced pain, quicker recovery, and minimal scarring compared to traditional open surgery. Here’s an overview of how laparoscopic hernioplasty is performed:

1. Preoperative Preparation: Before the surgery, the patient undergoes a thorough preoperative evaluation, which includes a detailed medical history, physical examination, and necessary diagnostic tests such as blood work and imaging studies. The patient is advised to fast for several hours before the procedure to prepare the digestive system. On the day of the surgery, the patient is placed under general anaesthesia, ensuring they remain unconscious and free from pain throughout the procedure.

2. The Surgical Procedure: The laparoscopic hernioplasty procedure involves the following steps:

• Incision and Access: The surgeon makes a few small incisions (usually three) in the patient’s abdomen. Through one of these incisions, a laparoscope—a thin tube equipped with a camera and light—is inserted. The laparoscope transmits high-definition images to a monitor, allowing the surgeon to view the hernia and surrounding structures in detail.
  
• Hernia Repair: Specialised surgical instruments are inserted through the other incisions. The surgeon carefully pushes the protruding tissue or organ back into its proper place within the abdominal cavity. The weakened area of the abdominal wall is then reinforced with a synthetic mesh. This mesh is secured in place with sutures, staples, or tacks, providing additional strength and preventing the hernia from recurring.
  
• Closure: Once the hernia is repaired and the mesh is in place, the surgeon removes the instruments and the laparoscope. The small incisions are closed with sutures or surgical glue and covered with sterile dressings.
  

3. Postoperative Care and Recovery: After the surgery, the patient is monitored in the recovery room until the effects of the anaesthesia wear off. Most patients can go home the same day or after an overnight stay in the hospital. Postoperative care instructions typically include:

• Pain Management: Pain is usually minimal and can be managed with over-the-counter pain relievers or prescribed medications.
  
• Activity Restrictions: Patients are advised to avoid heavy lifting and strenuous activities for a few weeks to allow proper healing. Light activities and walking are encouraged to promote circulation and prevent complications.
  
• Follow-Up: A follow-up appointment is scheduled to monitor the patient’s recovery, check the incision sites, and ensure there are no complications such as infection or recurrence of the hernia.
  

Patients generally experience a swift recovery, with most resuming normal activities within a few days to a week. Laparoscopic hernioplasty offers a high success rate, reduced postoperative discomfort, and a quicker return to daily life, making it an effective and preferred treatment option for hernia repair.