Liver cancer, also known as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), is a malignancy that originates in the liver cells. It often develops in individuals with chronic liver diseases such as hepatitis B or C, cirrhosis, or fatty liver disease.

In India, liver cancer is a significant health concern, with a rising incidence attributed to the high prevalence of hepatitis infections and lifestyle factors. Early detection and treatment are crucial for improving outcomes. Advanced surgical techniques, including liver resection and liver transplantation, combined with targeted therapies and radiation, offer promising treatment avenues.

If you experience symptoms such as unexplained weight loss, abdominal pain, jaundice, or swelling in the abdomen, it’s essential to consult a doctor promptly. Early diagnosis can lead to more effective treatment options and better chances of successful recovery.

Liver cancer, also known as hepatocellular carcinoma, can develop due to various underlying factors. Understanding these causes is crucial for prevention and early detection. Here are some key contributors to liver cancer:

1. Chronic Hepatitis B or C Infections: Persistent infections with hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) can lead to liver inflammation and cirrhosis, significantly increasing the risk of liver cancer. Regular monitoring and antiviral treatments can help manage these risks.

2. Cirrhosis of the Liver: This condition, often resulting from chronic alcohol consumption, chronic viral hepatitis, or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), involves the progressive scarring of liver tissue. The damaged liver cells can become cancerous over time.

3. Alcohol Consumption: Excessive and long-term alcohol use can cause liver damage and cirrhosis, creating an environment conducive to the development of liver cancer. Moderation and seeking help for alcohol dependency are crucial steps in prevention.

4. Aflatoxin Exposure: Aflatoxins are toxins produced by certain fungi that can contaminate food crops, particularly in regions with poor agricultural practices. Chronic exposure to aflatoxins can lead to liver cancer, emphasising the importance of proper food storage and handling.

5. Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD): This condition, associated with obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome, involves fat accumulation in the liver. If left unmanaged, NAFLD can progress to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and eventually liver cancer.

6. Genetic Factors: Inherited genetic conditions, such as hemochromatosis (iron overload) or alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, can predispose individuals to liver cancer. Genetic counselling and regular liver function tests can aid in early detection and management.

By being aware of these causes, individuals can take proactive measures to reduce their risk and improve liver health. Regular screenings and a healthy lifestyle are key components in preventing liver cancer.

Recognizing the potential symptoms of liver cancer is crucial for early detection and prompt medical intervention. Here are some common signs and symptoms that may indicate the presence of liver cancer:

1. Abdominal Pain: Persistent pain or discomfort in the upper right side of the abdomen, where the liver is located, can be a symptom of liver cancer as the tumour grows and affects surrounding tissues.

2. Jaundice: Yellowing of the skin and eyes occurs when the liver is unable to process bilirubin effectively due to tumour obstruction or liver dysfunction.

3. Unexplained Weight Loss: Significant and unintended weight loss can occur as a result of cancer-induced metabolic changes, loss of appetite, or the body diverting energy to combat the disease.

4. Abdominal Swelling (Ascites): Accumulation of fluid in the abdomen, known as ascites, can occur due to liver cancer causing blockage of blood flow through the liver or compression of lymphatic vessels.

5. Fatigue and Weakness: Generalised tiredness, weakness, and a decreased ability to perform daily activities can result from liver cancer affecting overall body metabolism and nutrient absorption.

6. Loss of Appetite: A decreased desire to eat, coupled with nausea or vomiting, may occur due to the tumour affecting digestion and liver function.

7. Enlarged Liver or Spleen: The liver may become enlarged and palpable due to tumour growth, which can sometimes be felt during a physical examination.

8. Changes in Stool or Urine Colour: Pale stools and dark urine may occur due to liver dysfunction and altered bile production or excretion caused by liver cancer.

9. Itchy Skin: Known as pruritus, itching can result from bile salts accumulating in the skin due to impaired liver function caused by cancer.

10. Easy Bruising or Bleeding: Liver cancer can impair the production of clotting factors, leading to easy bruising, nosebleeds, or prolonged bleeding from minor cuts.

It’s important to note that these symptoms can also be caused by other conditions, but if you experience persistent or worsening symptoms, especially in combination, it’s essential to consult a healthcare professional for proper evaluation and diagnosis.