Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disorder affecting the joints, leading to pain, swelling, and potential joint deformity. In India, RA affects approximately 0.5% to 1% of the population, with women being three times more likely to develop the condition than men.

Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent joint damage and improve quality of life. If you experience persistent joint pain, swelling, or stiffness, particularly in the morning, it is important to see a doctor promptly.

Our expert team is committed to providing comprehensive care and advanced treatment options to help you manage RA effectively and maintain an active, healthy life.

While the exact cause of RA remains unknown, several factors are believed to contribute to its development:

1. Genetic Factors: Genetic predisposition plays a significant role in the development of RA. Research has identified specific genes, particularly the HLA-DRB1 gene, that increase the risk of developing the disease. These genes are part of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system, which helps the immune system distinguish between the body’s own proteins and those of invaders like bacteria and viruses. Variations in these genes can lead to an inappropriate immune response, where the body mistakenly attacks its own tissues, particularly the synovium—the lining of the membranes that surround the joints.

2. Environmental Triggers: Environmental factors also contribute to the onset of RA. Certain infections and bacterial or viral agents are believed to trigger the autoimmune response in genetically predisposed individuals. Although no specific pathogen has been definitively linked to RA, infections that affect the immune system may initiate or exacerbate the disease. Additionally, exposure to environmental pollutants and toxins, such as cigarette smoke, has been strongly associated with an increased risk of developing RA. Smoking is not only a significant risk factor but also exacerbates the severity of the disease.

3. Hormonal Influences: Hormonal factors may influence the development of RA, particularly given the higher prevalence of the disease in women. Women are two to three times more likely to develop RA than men, suggesting that hormones such as estrogen and progesterone may play a role. The disease often goes into remission during pregnancy when certain hormone levels are elevated, and flares up postpartum when these hormone levels decrease. These patterns indicate that hormonal fluctuations might impact the immune system and inflammatory processes, contributing to the onset and progression of RA.

4. Immune System Dysregulation: Immune system dysregulation is at the core of RA. In individuals with RA, the immune system becomes overactive and attacks the synovium, leading to chronic inflammation. This immune response is complex and involves various components of the immune system, including T-cells, B-cells, and cytokines. T-cells may become activated abnormally and stimulate other immune cells to release inflammatory cytokines, which perpetuate the inflammatory response and cause joint damage.

5. Lifestyle and Dietary Factors: Lifestyle and dietary factors may also influence the risk of developing RA. A diet high in red meat and low in fruits and vegetables has been associated with an increased risk of RA. Conversely, diets rich in omega-3 fatty acids, found in fish, and antioxidants, found in fruits and vegetables, may have protective effects against the disease. Obesity is another significant risk factor, as excess weight puts additional stress on joints and may contribute to the inflammatory process.

6. Age and Other Risk Factors: Age is a notable risk factor, with RA most commonly developing between the ages of 40 and 60. However, the disease can occur at any age. Other risk factors include family history, as having a close relative with RA increases the likelihood of developing the disease, and certain occupational exposures to silica or asbestos.

In summary, RA is a multifactorial disease with no single known cause. A combination of genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, hormonal influences, immune system abnormalities, and lifestyle factors contributes to its development.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) manifests through a variety of symptoms, which can vary in severity and may fluctuate over time. Recognising these symptoms early can lead to timely intervention and better management of the condition. Here are the key Rheumatoid Arthritis symptoms:

1. Joint Pain and Stiffness: Persistent pain and stiffness, especially in the morning or after periods of inactivity, commonly affect multiple joints, such as the hands, wrists, knees, and feet.

2. Swelling and Tenderness: Joints affected by RA often become swollen, tender to the touch, and may feel warm due to inflammation.

3. Fatigue: Chronic fatigue is a common symptom of RA, often unrelated to physical exertion, which can significantly impact daily activities and quality of life.

4. Joint Deformity: Over time, RA can lead to joint deformities and changes in joint shape, particularly in the hands and feet.

5. Limited Range of Motion: As inflammation progresses, joints may lose their normal range of motion, making it difficult to perform daily tasks.

6. Systemic Symptoms: RA can also affect other parts of the body, leading to symptoms such as fever, loss of appetite, and overall malaise.